#evidence standard

The Supreme Court clarified that courts must summon additional accused under Section 319 CrPC based on 'strong and cogent evidence' alone, without subjecting the material to a mini-trial standard. Minor inconsistencies or lack of corroboration cannot justify rejection, reinforcing judicial discretion in criminal proceedings.

Madhya Pradesh High Court clarifies that Section 319 CrPC requires strong, cogent evidence beyond prima facie to add an accused not named in FIR or charge sheet.

Chhattisgarh High Court holds that denial of maintenance under Section 125 CrPC requires clear, convincing evidence of adultery; mere suspicion or stray photographs insufficient.