The term "Public Interest Litigation (PIL)" was first used by :

• Prof. Abram Chayes
• BJustice P.N. Bhagwati
• CProf. Upendra Baxi
• DJustice V.R. Krishna Iyer

In the following question, a Statement is followed by two Conclusions, I and II. Statement : Section 5 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 gives a detailed procedure for fixing or revising minimum wages in respect of any scheduled employment. After considering the advice of the committees appointed, and all representations received by it before the date notified in the Gazette notification, the appropriate Government may by notification in the official gazette, fix or revise the minimum rates of wages. Conclusion I : If a date is specified in the notification, the minimum rates shall come into force from such date. Conclusion II : If no date is specified, then they shall come into force from the expiry of three months from the date of issue of the notification. In the context of the above Statement and Conclusions, which one of the following is correct ?

• Both Conclusions I and II follow
• BOnly Conclusion I follows
• COnly Conclusion II follows
• DNeither Conclusion I nor II follows

Which of the following is included in the Central Government's power under Section 3(2)(ii) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ?

• ACarrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmental pollution
• BLaying down standards for the quality of the environment in its various aspects
• CCollection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmental pollution
• Planning and execution of a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution

Under the Constitution of India, consider the following statements in the context of constitutional amendments : I. Judicial review extends to constitutional amendments. II. Laws inserted into the Ninth Schedule after 24th April, 1973 remain open to scrutiny for violation of the basic structure. III. Parliament's amending power under Article 368 is unlimited. Which of the above statements is/are correct ?

• AI only
• I and II
• CII and III
• DI, II and III

What do you mean by 'onus probandi' ?

• 'Burden of proof' which places the responsibility on the party making an affirmative claim to substantiate it with evidence.
• B"The fact to be proved" or the "ultimate fact" that needs to be established in a legal case, such as the core elements of a crime or a cause of action.
• CThe prosecution in a criminal case must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, not only a criminal act, but also a certain level of a guilty mind (mens rea), specified in the criminal statute.
• DActual evidence, documents, or witnesses presented to substantiate that claim.

According to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where a suit has abated due to failure to bring legal representatives on record within the prescribed time, the court may set aside such abatement if the plaintiff shows :

• AThat decree has not yet been passed.
• Sufficient cause for not making the application within time.
• CError apparent on the face of record.
• DThat the defendant had knowledge of death.

According to Section 25(b) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, where the respondent fails to submit his statement of defence without sufficient cause, the arbitral tribunal shall :

• ATreat the claimant's allegations as admitted.
• BProceed to decide the dispute treating the claimant's case as uncontroverted.
• Continue the proceedings without treating such failure as admission.
• DTerminate the proceedings.

Under the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, for what duration can maintenance be awarded ?

• AFor a fixed term not exceeding ten years
• For a term not exceeding the life of the plaintiff
• CFor a period determined solely by the Registrar
• DFor a maximum of five years only

The case of Parmanand Katara v. Union of India (1989) is primarily associated with which of the following rights ?

• ARight to speedy trial
• BRight to clean and healthy environment
• Right to emergency medical care
• DRight to life and personal liberty

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ?

• AArjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal, (2020) 7 SCC 1 - landmark judgment stands as the latest interpretation of the relevant provisions, offering a consistent approach in line with the legislative intent.
• BThe requirement of a certificate under Section 65B(4) of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ("Evidence Act"), is a condition precedent to the admissibility of an electronic record in evidence.
• CIn P.V. Anvar v. P.K. Basheer, the court held that Section 65B is a "complete code" for electronic evidence.
• In State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu, reported in AIR 2005 SC 3820, the Hon'ble Supreme Court had held that courts could admit electronic records such as printouts and compact discs (CDs) as prima facie evidence without authentication.

Under the law relating to land acquisition under the relevant laws in India, which of the following statements is not true ?

• ASuch interested persons may file objections within 6 months of the notice having been issued.
• All persons interested in the land in question shall appear personally before the Collector.
• CA minimum notice period of 30 days is to be given to all the persons interested.
• DThe Collector shall publish the public notice on his website.

In execution proceedings governed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where property of the judgment-debtor is attached and a third party raises a claim asserting independent title, such claim :

• ACan be decided only after completion of execution proceedings.
• BMust be decided by instituting a separate civil suit.
• Shall be adjudicated by the executing court.
• DRequires prior determination by the court which passed the decree.

Read the following statements and choose the correct option. Under the Copyright Act, 1957 : Statement I : In the case of a posthumous literary work, copyright subsists for sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is first published. Statement II : For such works, publication refers to making the work available to the public by issue of copies or by communication to the public.

• Both Statements I and II are true
• BBoth Statements I and II are false
• COnly Statement II is true
• DOnly Statement I is true

Under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, what is the minimum term of imprisonment prescribed for giving or taking dowry ?

• ANot less than ten years
• BNot less than three years
• CNot less than seven years
• Not less than five years

Which is the landmark case which expanded the scope of Article 23 of the Constitution of India ?

• AVishaka v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 SCC 241
• PUDR v. Union of India, (1982) 3 SCC 235
• CM.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1996) 6 SCC 756
• DGlaxo Laboratories v. Presiding Officer, Labour Court, Meerut, (1984) 1 SCC 1

As per the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where the plaintiff in a civil suit fails to pay the requisite court fee or postal charges for service of summons within the time permitted by the court, the court may :

• AReturn the plaint for fresh presentation.
• Dismiss the suit.
• CStay the proceedings until service is effected.
• DProceed to decide the suit on merits.

Under the scheme of distribution of legislative powers in the Constitution of India, a subject which is not enumerated in either the State List or the Concurrent List falls within the residuary field of legislation. Such residuary power is vested in :

• AThe Supreme Court of India
• The Parliament
• CThe State Legislatures
• DThe President of India

Read the following statements and choose the correct option. Statement I : Ossification test is the final test to analyze bone fusion for estimating the age of a juvenile as per law. Statement II : Statutory documents like a birth certificate will be given precedence to determine the juvenile. In the context of the above statements under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, which one of the following options is correct ?

• Only Statement II is true
• BBoth Statements I and II are false
• CBoth Statements I and II are true
• DOnly Statement I is true

In Roman jurisprudence, the concept similar to the Rule of Law was referred to as :

• AJus Civile
• BLex Regia
• Jus Naturale
• DJus Gentium

Directions : The following question consists of two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are individually true and if so, whether the Reason (R) is a correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) : The Constitution of India does not adopt a rigid separation of powers among the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Reason (R) : The constitutional framework incorporates a system of checks and balances, allowing limited functional overlap among the organs of the State. In the context of the Constitution of India, which one of the following is correct ?

• A(A) is false, but (R) is true.
• B(A) is true, but (R) is false.
• CBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
• Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

In which of the following cases did Lord Wright observe that "the incalculable value of habeas corpus is that it enables the immediate determination of the applicant's freedom" ?

• AAttorney General for Hong Kong v. Ng Yuen Shiu (1983) 2 AC 629
• BBugdaycay v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (1987) AC 514
• Greene v. Secretary of State for Home Affairs (1942) AC 284
• DAttorney General for New South Wales v. Trethowan (1932) AC 526

Which of the following statements are correct with reference to withdrawal and abandonment of suits under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ? I. A plaintiff may withdraw or abandon a suit subject to the provisions of law. II. Institution of a fresh suit on the same cause of action requires permission of the court. III. Withdrawal of a suit without permission of the court to institute a fresh suit bars a subsequent suit on the same cause of action. IV. The court must grant permission whenever such request is made. Which of the above statements are correct ?

• AI, II, III and IV
• I, II and III
• CI, III and IV
• DII, III and IV

Which of the following statements is not an example of the eggshell skull rule as per the law of torts ?

• AA boy kicked another from across the aisle in the classroom. It turned out that the victim had an unknown microbial condition that was irritated, and resulted in him entirely losing the use of his leg.
• BNervous shock cases are also consistent with this principle. The rule is that if injury from nervous shock is reasonably foreseeable to an ordinarily strong-nerved person situated in the position of the claimant, the defendant is liable for the full extent of the shock.
• CA man had a heart attack and died after being bruised in the chest during a rear-end car accident.
• 'A' underwent an appendectomy in a hospital. Despite the surgery going as planned, she continued to experience abdominal pain. It was later discovered that a needle had been left inside her abdomen, leading to further surgeries and prolonged suffering.

Under Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, if a police officer-in-charge determines that an investigation is not warranted because the case lacks sufficient gravity, they are legally obligated to notify the informant of this decision within :

• 14 days
• B7 days
• C30 days
• D24 hours

Under the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, which specific provision provides the legal definition for a 'Bailable Offence' ?

• ASection 2(h)
• BSection 2(x)
• CSection 2(c)
• Section 2(a)

A, aged 80 years, executes a registered deed transferring a parcel of land to a trust with the conditions that, "The property shall be used forever for maintaining a public library and reading room for the residents of Village X. However, if at any time the property ceases to be used for this purpose, it shall revert to my heirs. Further, the income from the property shall accumulate for 50 years before being used for expansion of the library." Which of the following statements is most accurate in law ?

• AThe entire transfer is void because the reversionary clause creates uncertainty and violates public policy.
• BThe transfer is void because it violates the rule against perpetuity and the condition of accumulation beyond permissible limits.
• CThe transfer is valid in entirety, including the accumulation clause, because transfers for public purposes are fully exempt from all perpetuity-related restrictions.
• The transfer is valid as it falls within the exception for public benefit, but the accumulation clause is void to the extent it exceeds statutory limits.

A Magistrate of the Second Class passes a sentence of one month's imprisonment. The accused wants to appeal. Based on the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, which of the following is true ?

• The accused is entitled to file an appeal before the Court of Session.
• BAn appeal lies only if a fine was also imposed.
• CThe accused may prefer an appeal directly to the High Court.
• DNo appeal is maintainable in this specific instance.

Under the provisions of Section 362 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, which of the following is not a mandatory legal requirement (ingredient) to constitute the offence of 'Abduction' ?

• ACompelling or inducing a person to move from one place to another
• BThe classification of the act as a "continuing offence"
• CThe employment of physical force or the use of deceitful means
• The person abducted must be a minor

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 is not applicable in which case ?

• ANational Company Law Tribunal
• Arbitral Tribunal
• CIncome Tax Appellate Tribunal
• DNational Green Tribunal

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, has introduced a specific timeframe for the delivery of a judgment after the conclusion of arguments. What is that timeframe ?

• AWithin 90 days, provided the reasons for delay are recorded
• Within 30 days (extendable to 45 days)
• CWithin 60 days from the date of reserving the order
• DWithin a strict period of 15 days

Which provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, provides a summary legal remedy for the maintenance of spouses, children, and parents who are unable to support themselves ?

• Section 125
• BSection 320
• CSection 144
• DSection 107

Under the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where a decree is passed against multiple defendants, one of whom was not served with summons and had no opportunity to contest, such a defendant may seek relief :

• AOnly through review before the same court.
• BOnly by filing a separate suit.
• By applying for setting aside the ex-parte decree.
• DOnly through an appeal against decree.

Under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where a suit is instituted against a person who is subsequently found to have been wrongly impleaded as a defendant, the court may :

• ADismiss the suit as not maintainable.
• Permit substitution or addition of the proper defendant.
• CDirect the plaintiff to institute a fresh suit.
• DReturn the plaint on the ground of mis-joinder of parties.

Read the following statements and choose the correct option in the light of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. A dispute arises regarding jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal. Statement I : The arbitral tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction. Statement II : A plea that the tribunal lacks jurisdiction shall be raised not later than the submission of the statement of defence, unless the arbitral tribunal permits a later plea.

• AOnly Statement I is true
• Both Statements I and II are true
• COnly Statement II is true
• DNeither Statement I nor Statement II is true

According to Section 20 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, where the parties have not agreed on the place of arbitration, the arbitral tribunal shall determine it having regard to :

• AJurisdiction of the civil court alone.
• BPlace where the contract was executed.
• Circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the parties.
• DLocation of subject matter of dispute.

What is the year did the mandatory pre-fitment of High Security Registration Plates (HSRP) for all new vehicles come into effect under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 ?

• A2023
• B2018
• C2024
• 2019

According to Section 10(37), of the Income-tax Act, 1961, compensation is received by an individual on compulsory acquisition of agricultural land which had been used for agricultural purposes by him prior to acquisition. What is the correct legal position ?

• AIt is always taxable under the Act.
• It is exempt, subject to fulfilment of prescribed conditions.
• CIt is taxable only if it exceeds a prescribed limit.
• DIt is taxable as business income.

"The rules of natural justice were not confined to the narrow precincts of the prevailing definition of quasi-judicial functions." This principle was laid down in which case ?

• AConway v. Rimmer (1968) A.C. 910
• Ridge v. Baldwin (1964) A.C. 40
• CMaradana Mosque Trustees v. Mahmud (1967) (1) A.C. 13
• DA.K. Kraipak v. Union of India AIR 1970 SC 150

Under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, the President may seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of law or fact of public importance. The opinion rendered by the Court in such a reference is generally regarded as :

• AEnforceable through contempt jurisdiction
• BA binding precedent under Article 141
• Advisory in nature and not strictly binding
• DEquivalent to a decree of the Court

On which specific date did the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, officially come into force, replacing the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ?

• AJanuary 1, 2024
• July 1, 2024
• CAugust 15, 2023
• DDecember 25, 2023

Under the provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, what is the current range of punishments available to a court for the offence of 'Defamation' ?

• ARigorous imprisonment for 5 years
• Simple imprisonment, or fine, or both, or Community Service
• COnly an apology in open court
• DOnly a fine

"Administrative law is the law concerning the powers and procedures of administrative agencies, including especially the law governing judicial review of administrative action." This definition was given by :

• AH.W.R. Wade
• BA.V. Dicey
• K.C. Davis
• DIvor Jennings

Which of the following innovative penal measures has been officially incorporated into the sentencing framework under Section 4 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 ?

• ASolitary confinement
• BLife imprisonment without the possibility of parole
• CCompulsory forfeiture of ancestral property
• Community Service

Directions : The following question consists of two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are individually true and if so, whether the Reason (R) is a correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) : An ex parte decree may be set aside if the defendant satisfies the court that he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing when the suit was called for hearing. Reason (R) : Under Order IX Rule 13 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the court must be satisfied that the summons was not duly served or that the defendant was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing when the suit was called for hearing. Mark your answer as :

• Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
• C(A) is false, but (R) is true.
• D(A) is true, but (R) is false.

Which provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, stipulates that a police officer must produce a person arrested without a warrant before a Magistrate within a maximum period of 24 hours ?

• ASection 51
• Section 57
• CSection 41
• DSection 164

Ajeet Singh, a famous singer, enters into a contract with Yash Aditya Music Company agreeing to perform exclusively for them for 2 years and not to perform for any other company during that period. After one year, Ajeet Singh refuses to perform for Yash Aditya Music Company and begins performing for BR Chopra & Company. Yash Aditya Music Company files a suit seeking an injunction restraining Ajeet Singh from performing for BR Chopra & Company. Which of the following statements is correct under the Specific Relief Act, 1963 ?

• AThe court must compel Ajeet Singh to sing for Yash Aditya Music Company.
• BOnly damages can be granted.
• The injunction may be granted to enforce the negative covenant.
• DThe injunction must be refused because contracts of personal service cannot be enforced.

Which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India forms the primary legislative basis for the Parliament enacting the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 ?

• Article 253
• BArticle 252
• CArticle 233
• DNone of the above

The Information Technology Act, 2000, distinguishes between civil liability and criminal liability in cases of misuse of computer resources. In which of the following situations would such conduct attract criminal punishment rather than mere compensation ?

• AWhen the affected party chooses to initiate criminal proceedings
• When the act is done dishonestly or fraudulently in addition to unauthorised access
• CWhen the damage to computer resources exceeds a prescribed monetary limit
• DWhen access to a computer system is without permission, irrespective of intent

Which of the following is not stated in Section 63(4) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, with regard to a certificate to verify the authenticity of electronic evidence ?

• ASigned by both the person in charge of the computer or communication device and an expert, with the certificate adhering to the format prescribed in the Adhiniyam's Schedule.
• BThe form specified in the Schedule requires that electronic evidence be accompanied by a 'hash value'.
• Qualification of an expert.
• DNone of the above

Directions : The following question consists of two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are individually true and if so, whether the Reason (R) is a correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) : The respondent was engaged as a Safai Karamchari in a charitable trust. The dispute originated when he was terminated due to repeated absence from duty. The trust challenged the award on the grounds that it was not an 'industry' under Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, and therefore the worker was not a workman, making Section 25-F inapplicable. Reason (R) : The trust engaged in multifarious activities including commercial ventures and hired employees for commercial and charitable activities in an organized manner with proper remuneration. In the context of the above Assertion and Reason under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, which one of the following is correct ?

• ABoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
• Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• C(A) is false, but (R) is true.
• D(A) is true, but (R) is false.

In accordance with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where a court, while examining pleadings, finds certain averments to be unnecessary and capable of prejudicing or delaying the fair trial, the court, in such a case, may :

• Strike out such pleadings at any stage of proceedings.
• BDirect amendment only after trial begins.
• CIgnore such pleadings without passing any order.
• DReject the plaint in entirety.

During an India - Country X war, India declares X an enemy. A (an Indian citizen) enters into a contract to supply medicines to B (a citizen of X) via a neutral intermediary and a bank. Which of the following is most accurate under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 ?

• AValid - goods are humanitarian and payment is via a neutral country.
• BValid unless the Government expressly cancels.
• CVoidable - only the Government of India can cancel.
• Void - trading with an enemy in war is prohibited and is against public policy.

Section 233 of the Companies Act, 2013, deals with "fast track merger". What is the time duration and the concerned authority for approval ?

• A60-90 Days, NCLT
• B1 Year, Regional Director
• C45-90 Days, NCLAT
• 60-90 Days, Regional Director

A contracts with B to construct a cold storage facility for ₹ 50 lakh within 6 months. After the expiry of the time period, B fails to perform the contract. A immediately hires C to complete the construction at ₹ 60 lakh and later files a suit against B claiming ₹ 10 lakh as the additional cost incurred. Which of the following statements is correct under the Specific Relief Act, 1963 ?

• AA can recover only if the court first declares B guilty of breach.
• BA must sue only for damages and not substituted performance.
• A can recover ₹ 10 lakh because B breached the contract.
• DA cannot recover the cost because A did not give B prior notice.

A mandatory PUC Certificate is provided under which Section and Rule ?

• Section 190(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules 115 and 116 of the Centre Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
• BSection 177(3) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules 117 and 118 of the Centre Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
• CSection 160(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules 109 and 110 of the Centre Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
• DSection 120(3) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and Rules 122 and 123 of the Centre Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989

Judicial intervention in arbitration proceedings is limited under Section 5 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. In which of the following situations may a court intervene ?

• AWhen both parties request supervision of proceedings.
• BWhen procedural irregularity is alleged without specific provision under the Act.
• CWhen the court considers the award unjust on facts.
• When the Act expressly permits such intervention.

Which of the following is not a document as per the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ?

• Private papers
• BCaricature
• CMap
• DInscription

A State Government plans to acquire 50 acres of Scheduled Tribes (ST) land for an industrial park. As per the applicable law, the following steps are proposed : (i) Preliminary notification (ii) Social Impact Assessment (SIA) (iii) Gram Sabha consultation/consent (iv) Final notification Which of the following statements is correct ?

• AFinal notification can be issued without Gram Sabha, with owner consent only.
• BFinal notification can come before SIA but after preliminary notification.
• SIA and Gram Sabha consultation/consent are mandatory for ST land; acquisition can't proceed without consent.
• DGram Sabha is advisory only; consent is not needed for public projects.

Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, 'Forfeiture of Property' is listed as a punishment. In which specific case is this most commonly applied ?

• Organized Crime (Section 111)
• BOffences involving simple hurt or minor physical injury
• CCases of rash or negligent driving
• DInstances of minor or petty theft

According to the provisions of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, an accused person intending to apply for 'Plea Bargaining' must do so within how many days following the formal framing of charges ?

• A7 days
• B15 days
• 30 days
• D60 days

The five Golden Principles with respect to Circumstantial Evidence were laid down in which Supreme Court Judgment ?

• Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, 1984 AIR 1622
• BVasa Chandrasekhar Rao v. Ponna Satyanarayana & Anr., 2000 AIR SC 2138
• CDudh Nath Pandey v. State of U.P., 1981 SCC (2) 166
• DDr. Sunil Clifford Daniel v. State of Punjab (2012) 11 SCC 205

Which of the following does not fall under the framework of presumption under Section 2 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ?

• AConclusive proof
• Unassailable proof
• CMay be
• DShall presume

Directions : The following question consists of two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are individually true and if so, whether the Reason (R) is a correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) : Income-tax is levied on the total income of a person for the previous year. Reason (R) : Income earned during the previous year is assessed to tax in the immediately succeeding assessment year under the Income-tax Act, 1961. Mark answer as :

• A(A) is false, but (R) is true.
• BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
• Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• D(A) is true, but (R) is false.

Under the Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, between which hours must a marriage generally be solemnized ?

• ABetween seven in the morning and eight in the evening
• BBetween five in the morning and six in the evening
• Between six in the morning and seven in the evening
• DBetween six in the morning and nine in the evening

A, an 18-year-old adult of sound mind, executes a written instrument in favour of B stating, "I promise to pay B ₹ 75,000 on 1st April next year." A is fully competent, has signed the note, and the instrument contains all essential elements of a promissory note. B sues A for recovery after 1st April when A defaults. Examine the correct legal position.

• The promissory note is valid; A is liable to pay B.
• BThe promissory note is voidable at A's option since A is only 18 years of age.
• CThe promissory note is valid only if a third party signs as witness.
• DThe promissory note is void because it does not mention the consideration.

Under which specific provision of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, has the definition of a 'Terrorist Act' been formally integrated into India's general penal legislation for the first time ?

• Section 113
• BSection 152
• CSection 109
• DSection 121

Directions : The following question consists of two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and the Reason (R) are individually true and if so, whether the Reason (R) is a correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) : The right to privacy has been judicially recognised as an integral part of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Reason (R) : Privacy is expressly enumerated as a separate Fundamental Right in Part III of the Constitution of India. In the context of the Constitution of India and the decision in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1, which one of the following is correct ?

• A(A) is false, but (R) is true.
• BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
• CBoth (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• (A) is true, but (R) is false.

Under constitutional jurisprudence in India, repeated re-promulgation of Ordinances without placing them before the Legislature was described by the Supreme Court as a "fraud on the Constitution" in which decision ?

• AR.C. Cooper v. Union of India, AIR 1970 SC 564
• BShamsher Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1974 SC 2192
• CKrishna Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar, (2017) 3 SCC 1
• D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 579

The Supreme Court of India in Harish Chandra Tiwari v. Baiju, (2002) 2 SCC 67, while considering the appropriate punishment for misappropriation of a client's money by an advocate, held that :

• AA monetary penalty equal to double the amount misappropriated is the appropriate sanction under the Act.
• BReprimand is the appropriate punishment for a first-time misappropriation, since removal from the roll would be disproportionate.
• CSuspension from practice for a period of five years is the standard sanction for misappropriation of client funds.
• Misappropriation of a client's money constitutes one of the gravest forms of professional misconduct and ordinarily warrants removal of the advocate's name from the State roll.

According to Section 56(2)(x), of the Income-tax Act, 1961, if an individual receives a sum of money, without consideration, from a person other than a relative, and the amount exceeds the prescribed limit. What is the correct legal position ?

• It is taxable under the head 'Income from Other Sources'.
• BIt is fully exempt from tax.
• CIt is treated as a capital receipt and is not taxable.
• DIt is taxable only if received in cash.

Under the Constitution of India, Parliament enacts legislation to implement India's obligations under an international environmental agreement. The subject ordinarily falls within the State List and no resolution under Article 252 has been passed. The source of Parliament's competence would be :

• AArticle 250
• Article 253
• CArticle 249
• DArticle 252

Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, in which of the following scenarios does the "Right of Private Defence of the Body" extend to the extent of voluntarily causing death to the assailant ?

• An assault committed with the specific intention of kidnapping or abducting a person
• BA case of theft where the value of the stolen property exceeds ₹ 10,000
• CAn act of criminal trespass occurring on open, vacant land
• DA simple assault committed without the use of a weapon

In the following question, a Statement is followed by two Conclusions, I and II. Statement : Allegations have been made by the Minority Shareholders that ABC's promoters sold the optionally convertible preference shares and redeemable preference shares to a trust controlled by ABC's promoters at prices significantly below their fair market value, thereby causing a financial loss to ABC and its shareholders. What is the recourse for minority shareholders under law ? Conclusion I : The Minority Shareholders can file for class action under Section 245 of the Companies Act, 2013, seeking directions from NCLT to either reverse the sale of optionally convertible preference shares and redeemable preference shares or to compensate the Minority Shareholders. Conclusion II : The aggrieved members may proceed individually to protect their rights against acts of oppression or mismanagement under Section 241 of the Companies Act, 2013. In the context of the above Statement and Conclusions, which one of the following is correct ?

• ANeither Conclusion I nor II follows
• BOnly Conclusion I follows
• COnly Conclusion II follows
• Both Conclusions I and II follow

The adoption of an Ombudsman-type institution in India was first recommended by which of the following ?

• ASanthanam Committee, 1964
• BAdministrative Reforms Commission, 2005
• Administrative Reforms Commission, 1966
• DIndia Against Corruption Movement, 2011

X takes a loan of ₹ 10,00,000 from Bank A. Y signs a contract as surety, promising to pay the bank if X defaults. After 3 months, Bank A agrees to reduce the interest rate and extends the repayment period by 6 months without informing Y. Subsequently, X defaults on the loan. Which of the following statements correctly describes Y's liability under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 ?

• AY is liable only if the bank sues the principal debtor first, regardless of the modification.
• BY is not liable at all because the principal debtor defaulted after the contract modification.
• Y is partially discharged from liability because Bank A's modification increased the risk to Y without his consent.
• DY is fully liable for the entire loan because a surety is always liable once the principal debtor defaults.

Whether a landowner who enters into a Joint Development Agreement with a builder, contributing land in exchange for 50% of the developed property and a monetary deposit can file a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 alleging construction defects and delay ? Which of the following statements is most accurate ?

• AThe landowner is a consumer as he did not construct himself.
• BThe landowner is a consumer unless profit motive is proven.
• The landowner is not a consumer as the transaction constitutes a commercial joint venture.
• DThe landowner is a consumer if defects exist, irrespective of the nature of the transaction.

Pursuant to the definition provided in Section 378 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, which of the following constitutes an essential element of the offence of 'Theft' ?

• The movement of movable property out of a person's possession without their consent
• BThe requirement that the property must be removed from a public location exclusively
• CThe employment of physical force or criminal violence against a person
• DThe unauthorized movement of immovable property without the owner's consent

Under the constitutional framework of India, the Supreme Court gradually relaxed the traditional rule of locus standi, thereby allowing public-spirited individuals to approach the Court for enforcement of fundamental rights of others. This development is most closely associated with :

• The evolution of Public Interest Litigation.
• BJudicial review of administrative action.
• CEnforcement of fundamental rights through individual petitions alone.
• DExpansion of writ jurisdiction under Article 226.

Ramesh's job contract with M/s XYZ bars him from joining any rival software firm in India for three years post-resignation. But after resigning within three years, he joins a competitor. XYZ company filed a suit to enforce the restrictive clause. Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, what is the legal position ?

• Void - restrains lawful profession after employment ends.
• BValid - Ramesh agreed voluntarily.
• CValid - protects the employer's business interest.
• DValid - three years is a reasonable period.

Under Rule 8 of the Standards of Professional Conduct and Etiquette framed by the Bar Council of India, an advocate is prohibited from appearing before any court, tribunal or authority for or against an organisation or institution of which he is a member of its :

• AAdvisory Committee
• BSub-Committee
• Executive Committee
• DGeneral Body

Which of the following is not included in "The Industrial Relations Code, 2020" ?

• Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (IDR Act)
• BIndustrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
• CTrade Unions Act, 1926
• DIndustrial Disputes Act, 1947

Under the Special Marriage Act, 1954, what is the maximum fine that may be imposed for printing or publishing matter in contravention of provisions relating to in-camera proceedings ?

• AFine up to five thousand rupees
• Fine up to one thousand rupees
• CFine up to two thousand rupees
• DFine up to five hundred rupees

In the following question, a Statement is followed by two Conclusions, I and II. Statement : The Bar Council of India derives its rule-making power from Section 49(1)(c) of the Advocates Act, 1961, which authorises it to frame rules governing professional conduct and etiquette to be observed by advocates. Rule 20 framed thereunder categorically bars an advocate from stipulating for, or receiving, any fee whose quantum is dependent upon the outcome of litigation, or from entering into any arrangement to share in its proceeds. An advocate who contravenes this Rule is liable to be proceeded against under Section 35 of the Act. Conclusion I : An advocate may lawfully enter into an outcome-linked fee arrangement so long as the client's written consent is obtained prior to the engagement. Conclusion II : An advocate who violates the prohibition on contingency-based fees may face disciplinary action under the Advocates Act, 1961. In the context of the above Statement and Conclusions, which one of the following is correct ?

• Only Conclusion II follows
• BBoth Conclusions I and II follow
• CNeither Conclusion I nor II follows
• DOnly Conclusion I follows

Under the Patents Act, 1970, a patent is granted to an inventor in India. Which of the following correctly reflects a limitation on the patentee's rights under the law ?

• AThe invention cannot be used by the Government without permission
• BThe patent becomes void if used by a government authority
• The Government may use the invention for its own purposes without the consent of the patentee
• DThe patentee loses all rights once the invention is used by the Government

Under the Information Technology Act, 2000, the term 'electronic record' includes which of the following ? I. Data stored in digital form II. Image or sound stored or transmitted electronically III. Information generated in microfilm or computer-generated microfiche IV. Information recorded only on paper without electronic processing Which of the above are correct ?

• AI and II
• I, II and III
• CI, II, III and IV
• DII, III and IV

A executes a document in favour of B stating, "I hereby sell my house to B for ₹ 5,00,000. If I repay the amount within 3 years, B shall retransfer the property to me; otherwise, the sale shall become absolute." The condition is included in the same document. A fails to repay within 3 years. B claims absolute ownership. Examine the correct legal position under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.

• It is a mortgage by conditional sale; B must seek foreclosure through court.
• BIt is a lease with an option to repurchase.
• CThe transaction is void for uncertainty.
• DIt is an outright sale; B becomes absolute owner automatically.

Under the scheme of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where proceedings are pending before a competent civil court, and an application is made seeking transfer of the case from one district to another district within the state, such transfer may be ordered :

• AOnly after conclusion of trial.
• BOnly by the court in which the suit is pending.
• By the High Court.
• DOnly upon agreement between the parties.

Under Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, 'Default Bail' (or statutory bail) is a right of the accused if the investigation is not completed :

• AUpon the expiry of 120 days specifically for offences against the State.
• After 60 days or 90 days, contingent upon the maximum punishment prescribed for the offence.
• CImmediately following the completion of the initial 15-day police custody.
• DAfter a fixed period of 30 days for all types of offences.

Under the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, within how many months from the date of marriage must dowry received before marriage be transferred to the woman ?

• AWithin five months
• Within three months
• CWithin six months
• DWithin seven months

Under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, what condition applies for appointing a guardian for a married female minor ?

• AThe parents must apply jointly for such appointment
• The husband must be considered unfit by the Court
• CThe husband must be declared legally incompetent
• DThe husband must consent to such appointment

As per the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, what are one-sided agreements ?

• Unfair trade practices
• BQuasi contracts
• CUnilateral contracts
• Unconscionable

An assessee pays a medical insurance premium for himself and his family and claims a deduction while computing total income. What is the correct position under the Income Tax Act, 1961 ?

• Deduction is allowed subject to prescribed limits and conditions
• BDeduction is allowed only for senior citizens
• CDeduction is not permitted in such cases
• DDeduction is allowed without any monetary limit

Under Section 35B of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, where a party fails to take a step required by the court on the date fixed, the court may :

• Impose costs as a precondition for allowing further prosecution.
• BDismiss the suit.
• CProceed with the suit without imposing any condition.
• DGrant adjournment as a matter of right.

Under Section 105 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, what is now a mandatory requirement for the process of search and seizure conducted by the police ?

• The documentation of the entire search and seizure process via audio-video electronic recording
• BThe presence of at least five local residents as independent witnesses
• CThe presence of a Judicial Magistrate during the search
• DThe acquisition of a signed written confession from the occupant of the premises

Under the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, which situation makes the consent of a wife unnecessary for adoption ?

• AShe refuses consent due to personal disagreement.
• She has ceased to be a Hindu by conversion.
• CShe is living separately without legal separation.
• DNone of the above

Under the scheme of the Constitution of India, once a Proclamation under Article 352 is in operation, Parliament may legislate on matters in the State List by virtue of :

• AArticle 356
• Article 250
• CArticle 249
• DArticle 360

Which of the following options correctly states the composition of a Disciplinary Committee of a Bar Council as prescribed under Section 9(1) of the Advocates Act, 1961 ?

• AFive members - all co-opted from advocates having not less than ten years' standing at the Bar.
• BFive members - three elected by the Council and two co-opted senior advocates from outside the Council.
• Three members - two elected from the Council's membership and one co-opted advocate possessing the prescribed qualifications, who is not a member of the Council.
• DThree members - all elected by the Council, with the most junior member serving as Chairman.

In the context of the Constitution of India, a pension scheme differentiates between employees retiring before and after a specified cut-off date. Those excluded challenge the classification as arbitrary. The constitutional issue would primarily attract :

• ALegislative competence of the State
• Article 14 and the principle of classification
• CDoctrine of eclipse
• DDoctrine of severability

Under the Uniform Civil Code Rules Uttarakhand, 2025, when is an application for declaration of legal heir(s) forwarded to the Registrar General ?

• AAfter ten days of receipt if the Registrar does not take action
• BAfter thirty days of receipt if the Registrar does not take action
• After fifteen days of receipt if the Registrar does not take action
• DNone of the above

Regarding the offence of 'Criminal Conspiracy' as defined under Section 120A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, which of the following statements is legally accurate ?

• The mere agreement between parties is sufficient to constitute the offence if the intended crime is punishable by death or rigorous imprisonment.
• BIt is a substantive offence that is legally barred from being charged in conjunction with other substantive crimes.
• CA solitary individual's mere intention to commit a crime, even without an agreement with others, is sufficient for a conviction.
• DA minimum of five persons must participate to satisfy the legal definition.